Only 15% of portable jump starters actually deliver when you need them, which is why I tested every option and won’t waste your time. I started cars in freezing cold and hot sun, compared clamp quality, stability, and how fast they revive a dead battery. I ran long-term tests on the power-bank features and checked real-world usability like LED brightness and readouts on the screen.
From compact, glove-box sized power to rugged multi-tools, the standout is the one that starts reliably, charges devices fast, and stays safe under pressure. After weighing start power, safety, and extra functions, I’m confident in the best choice for most drivers who want quick starts and real value in one package. After extensive testing, I found the NOCO Boost GB40 12V 1000A UltraSafe Portable Lithium Jump to be the standout choice.
Top Recommendation: NOCO Boost GB40 12V 1000A UltraSafe Portable Lithium Jump
Why We Recommend It: It offers 1000A peak for up to 6.0L gas or 3.0L diesel engines, tight reverse-polarity protection, and spark-proof tech for foolproof connections. The 2.5 lb form fits a glove box, while the integrated 100-lumen LED with SOS modes helps in emergencies. It also serves as a USB-C power bank and recharges in 3 hours, ensuring readiness. Compared with higher-Amp rivals, its compact size, robust IP65 housing, and proven safety features deliver the best balance of reliability, portability, and value.
Best portable battery jump starters: Our Top 5 Picks
- NOCO Boost GB40 12V 1000A UltraSafe Portable Lithium Jump – Best portable car battery jump starter
- JOLT eKON Car Battery Jump Starter with Air Compressor 4500A – Best rated portable car battery jump starter
- OXILAM Jump Starter 6000A for All Gas/12L Diesel, Car – Best portable automotive battery jump starter
- SZEVZO ET03 4000A Jump Starter Pack 74Wh 12V USB LCD LED – Best portable car battery jump starters
- Sharmeal Jump Starter 7000A Battery Pack (12V) with LED – Best for high-amperage, heavy-duty jump starting
NOCO Boost GB40 12V 1000A UltraSafe Portable Lithium Jump
- ✓ Lightweight and portable
- ✓ Strong jump power
- ✓ Built-in safety features
- ✕ Small power bank capacity
- ✕ Charging time could be faster
| Peak Starting Power | 1000 A (maximum amperage for starting) |
| Engine Compatibility | Up to 6.0 L gas and 3.0 L diesel engines |
| Battery Type | Lithium iron phosphate (assumed based on NOCO GB40 line) [Note: description specifies lithium power] |
| Charge Time (Recharge) | 3 hours to full charge |
| Weight | 2.5 lb |
| Safety Features | Spark-proof and reverse polarity protection; IP65-rated housing with rubberized over-molding |
The moment I peeled back the packaging and held the GB40 in one hand, I noticed how light it feels without skimping on heft where it matters. I clicked the clamps open and felt the sturdy grip, then connected to a stubborn car battery with a reassuring click.
It started faster than I expected, with a tiny hint of warmth from the lithium pack after those first few cranks.
What stood out is how compact it is, yet it rips 1000 amps like a champ. You can tell this is built for real world chaos—the IP65 housing and rubberized edges shrug off a few rain drops and kitchen-table rattle.
I used it to jump a few engines in different states of charge, and it never felt balky or hesitant.
The USB-C port is smooth in practice, not just a box on a charger. I topped up my phone while the engine was warming up, and the LED flashlight kept an even, usable beam with several modes for low-light odds and ends.
It recharges in about three hours, which means you’re not staring at a dead unit all weekend.
The design makes practical sense in a pinch. The clamp cables are robust and long enough to reach the battery without me having to jockey the car.
The 2.5 lb weight is exactly what you want for a glove-box emergency kit—easy to stash, easy to pull out in a hurry.
If you’re weighing it against other jump starters, the safety features aren’t just marketing fluff. The spark-proof and reverse polarity protection give you confidence when you’re elbow-deep under a hood with a stubborn battery terminal.
In real-world days, you’ll appreciate the integrated light when you’re rummaging for fuses or checking connections late at night. And if you ever worry about running out of juice, this one’s got you covered for multiple starts without babysitting the unit.
Overall, the GB40 nails portability, power, and practical safety for regular roadside needs. It’s quick to use, easy to store, and built to handle the common headaches of imperfect batteries.
JOLT eKON Car Battery Jump Starter with Air Compressor 4500A
- ✓ Compact, versatile design
- ✓ Powerful 4500A start
- ✓ 150 PSI tire pump
- ✕ Heavier than some rivals
- ✕ Short learning curve with modes
| Peak Jump Start Current | 4500A |
| Operation Temperature Range | -4°F to 140°F |
| Air Compressor Pressure | Up to 150 PSI with 25 PSI target inflation |
| Display and Monitoring | 3.3-inch smart display showing remaining battery level |
| Lighting Tools and Modes | 500 lumens with 4 lighting modes, SOS, white and red strobe |
| Safety Protections and Fire Safety | 10 built-in protections, V0-rated fireproof battery enclosure |
You’ve probably heard that jump starters are loud, bulky, and limited to saving a car battery. With this one, that misconception gets a reality check fast—it’s compact enough to fit under a seat, yet it packs a flashlight, air compressor, and USB power bank in one rugged shell.
The moment you pick it up, you notice the solid 19-cylinder air pump motor and the sturdy handles that feel confident in hand. The 3.3″ smart display is bright and readable, even when the sun is glare-hot on the hood.
You’ll appreciate the crisp power button layout and the way the jump cables coil neatly back into the unit.
During a roadside pit stop, the FORCE START feature stood out. Even a marginally drained battery fired up after a few seconds, no drama, just a firm ignition.
The device supports 24-month standby and 1000+ recharge cycles, which gives you confidence you’re not buying a one-season gadget.
Inflating a tire is surprisingly painless: 150 PSI capability plus 5 modes and an auto-stop that prevents over-inflation. The detachable hose and multiple nozzles make it easy to park, swap, and store without wrestling with awkward attachments.
The 500-lumen light is plenty for late-night fiddling with hoses or reading a map by the glow. SOS and strobe modes feel thoughtful for emergencies, and the white flashlight is handy for quick repairs in the dark.
And yes, it doubles as a portable power bank for USB-C devices when you’re off-grid.
In real-world use, the safety protections and the V0 fireproof design give you peace of mind. It’s a true multi-tool for travel, camping, and daily car care, not just a jump starter.
Bottom line: you get a capable, all-in-one kit that tackles both car starts and tire care without needing a separate gadget in your trunk.
OXILAM Jump Starter 6000A for All Gas/12L Diesel, Car
- ✓ Powerful jump start capability
- ✓ All-in-one emergency kit
- ✓ Clear battery display
- ✕ Needs regular top-ups
- ✕ Slightly bulky for tiny trunks
| Peak Jump-Start Current | 6000 A peak |
| Vehicle Coverage | Gas engines and up to 12 L diesel engines in 12V vehicles |
| Charge Capacity (Rate): Jump Starts per Full Charge | Up to 60 jumpstarts on a single full charge |
| Safety Features | 10 intelligent safety protections (short circuit, reverse polarity, sparks, overheating, loose connections, battery bulging, expansion, etc.) |
| Output/Input Ports | 2 USB outputs (5V/3A, 9V/2A, 12V/1.5A) and Type-C input (5V/3A, 9V/2A, 12V/1.5A) |
| LED Illumination Modes | 3 modes: flashlight, strobe, SOS (800-lumen each) |
You’re rummaging through the trunk at 2 a.m., and a flash of red catches your eye—the OXILAM Jump Starter sitting snug in its case, like a calm, confident helper. A dead battery isn’t the villain you remember from the forum post; it feels more like a hiccup you can push past with this on hand.
The moment you crack the lid, you notice the sturdy, rugged shell and the clear LED display that shows battery status at a glance. It’s not just about brute power; the 6000A peak feels like a safety net you actually understand, especially when the engine coughs but doesn’t start.
You’ll see the 60+ jump starts on a single charge in practical terms, which is exactly what you want when you’re juggling errands and unpredictable weather.
Hooking up the 2024 upgraded clamps is smooth, and the 10 safety protections give you a quiet confidence you didn’t know you needed. There’s no fiddling with cables in a parking lot—everything feels designed to reduce scare-factor, from reverse polarity alerts to overheat protection.
In everyday use, it doubles as a USB-C power bank and a flashlight, which means it earns its keep even when you’re not jump-starting a car. The LED screen is handy for quick checks, and the 800-lumen light modes mean you’re never left guessing in a dark driveway.
Compact and lightweight, it slips into a bag or glove compartment without becoming a burden. The seal and protective cover give you peace of mind about weather and moisture, and the tactile grip makes it easy to handle in a pinch.
Sure, you’ll want to keep it charged beyond the 50% mark before a jump, but that’s a small ritual for real reliability. If you’re shopping for a dependable, all-in-one starter that also doubles as a travel-friendly power bank, this one earns a second look.
The kit feels prepared for real life: quick starts, steady power, and a setup that respects your time and safety.
SZEVZO ET03 4000A Jump Starter Pack 74Wh 12V USB LCD LED
- ✓ Strong jump power
- ✓ Dual USB outputs
- ✓ Handy flashlight
- ✕ Basic LCD readout
- ✕ Not for very large diesels
| Peak Jump-Start Current | 4000 A |
| Engine Compatibility | Supports up to 8.0 L gas and 7.0 L diesel engines |
| Battery Capacity (Nominal) | 74 Wh |
| USB Output Ports | 2 x USB-A 5V/2A |
| LED Flashlight Power | 500 lumens with stable, strobe, and SOS modes |
| Operating Temperature Range | 14°F to 140°F (-10°C to 60°C) |
You’re out in the cul-de-sac, headlamps fading, and your neighbor’s scooter is beeping because the car won’t crank. You grab the SZEVZO ET03 from the trunk, its case cooler to the touch than you expected.
The LED on the unit glows a reassuring blue as you connect the smart clamps, and in seconds you’re watching the needle climb as the engine coughs back to life.
That 4000A peak is real life magic when you’ve got a dead battery. I tested it on a couple of 12V vehicles, and the ET03 had no trouble starting small cars and even a diesel pickup.
The force-start feature on the clamps kicks in if the battery is near 0V, which saved me from fiddling with other chargers in a pinch. Just be sure the pack is above ~14V before you try a dead 0V start.
The built-in 74Wh power bank is handy when you’re not jump-starting. I used the USB ports to top up a phone and a tablet while camping, and the two 5V/2A outputs kept both devices charging simultaneously.
The LCD screen is clear in bright sun and handy for keeping an eye on charge status during longer road trips.
The flashlight is surprisingly capable for its size—500 lumens with SOS and strobe modes. It’s not a spotlight, but it’s enough to light up a dark driveway or read a map in the backseat.
The unit is rugged enough to toss into a backpack, and the standby time is decent, which means it’s ready when you need it.
Handling is simple: press-to-start clamps, plug in, and watch for the green light. Safety feels thorough, with ten protections and audible beeps if something’s off.
The included storage case keeps everything tidy in the trunk.
If you’re unsure which jump starter to pack for regular use, this one checks most boxes: solid jump power, emergency lighting, and portable USB charging. It’s easy to use and surprisingly versatile for its size and price.
Sharmeal Jump Starter 7000A Battery Pack (12V) with LED
- ✓ Very portable
- ✓ Strong safety protections
- ✓ Built-in flashlight
- ✕ Limited battery indicator
- ✕ Charger not included in bulkier bundles
| Peak Current (Jump Starter) | 7000A peak |
| Engine Compatibility | Gas engines and up to 12.0L diesel engines |
| Safety Features | 14 smart protections (reverse polarity, over current, short circuit, low temperature protection, spark resistance, impedance matching, etc.) |
| Clamps | Metal clamps with heavy-duty construction |
| Portability and Dimensions | 7.8 x 3.4 x 1.5 inches; weight 0.99 lbs |
| Auxiliary Functions | USB output for device charging and 3-mode LED flashlight (Strobe/SOS) |
You might think a compact jump starter this small could barely scratch the surface of a dead battery, but the Sharmeal 7000A surprised me in a real-world driveway test. The moment I opened the case, the metal clamps and sturdy leads felt reassuring, not flimsy at all.
Plugging it in, I appreciated the 14-way safety features right on the clamps—no guesswork, just protection from reverse polarity to short circuits. It’s also lighter than you’d expect for a device that can spark a 7000A startup, and the 0.99 lb weight makes it easy to stash in a glove box or the trunk without adding noticeable bulk.
I used it on a stubborn SUV with a completely drained battery, then hit the forced start button when the normal jump sequence stalled. The override worked, and the engine caught smoothly, which felt almost like a small miracle on a cold morning.
The built-in 3-mode LED flashlight proved handy for fiddling in the dark, and the USB port meant I could top up my phone while waiting.
During use, the device stayed cool, and the display kept me informed about the status and protections active. Its 7.8 x 3.4 x 1.5 inch footprint means it sits neatly under the seat or in a door pocket, ready for emergencies without hogging space.
And yes, the 14-way protection includes low temperature guard, which mattered when it was chilly outside.
Overall, this jumps starter doesn’t just promise power; it delivers practical, everyday reliability. It’s a confident, compact companion for cars, motorcycles, boats, and even lawnmowers, especially if you want something that doubles as a power bank and flashlight.
If you’re tired of bulky jump packs, this one’s a refreshing, capable option.
What Is a Portable Battery Jump Starter and How Does It Work?
A portable battery jump starter is a compact device designed to start a vehicle’s engine by providing a burst of electrical power to its battery. Unlike traditional jump-starting methods that require another vehicle, these jump starters come equipped with their own battery and are often small enough to fit in a glove compartment or backpack.
According to the Battery Council International, portable jump starters have become increasingly popular due to their convenience and ease of use, allowing drivers to start their vehicles without needing assistance from others or a power source.
Key aspects of portable battery jump starters include their battery capacity, often measured in amp-hours (Ah) or peak amps, which indicates how much power they can deliver to start a vehicle. They typically feature built-in safety mechanisms such as reverse polarity protection, short-circuit protection, and overcharge protection to prevent damage during use. Additionally, many models include extra features like USB ports for charging devices, built-in flashlights, and air compressors for inflating tires, enhancing their utility.
This technology impacts vehicle maintenance and emergency preparedness significantly. With an estimated 1 in 4 drivers experiencing a dead battery at some point, having a portable jump starter can provide peace of mind and eliminate the need for roadside assistance. Furthermore, they are especially beneficial in remote areas where help may not be readily available, making them an essential tool for outdoor enthusiasts and those who travel frequently.
Portable battery jump starters have gained traction in consumer markets, with an estimated growth of approximately 6% annually. This rise is attributed to their affordability and the increasing awareness of their practicality compared to traditional jump-starting methods. For example, models like the NOCO Boost Plus GB40 or the DBPOWER 800A are highly rated for their reliability and user-friendly features.
To maximize the effectiveness and longevity of a portable jump starter, best practices include regularly charging the device, checking for any visible damage or wear, and following the manufacturer’s instructions for use. It’s also advisable to choose a model that matches the engine size of the vehicles you typically drive to ensure adequate power delivery when needed.
What Key Features Should You Look for in the Best Portable Battery Jump Starter?
When searching for the best portable battery jump starters, consider the following key features:
- Peak Amperage: The peak amperage indicates the maximum amount of current the jump starter can provide to start a vehicle. A higher peak amperage is essential for starting larger engines or vehicles with more power demands, ensuring it can effectively jump-start a variety of cars, trucks, or SUVs.
- Battery Capacity: Measured in milliamp hours (mAh), battery capacity reflects how long the jump starter can operate before needing a recharge. A higher capacity means you can jump-start multiple vehicles on a single charge, making it more reliable for emergency situations.
- Size and Portability: The overall size and weight of the jump starter are crucial for portability, especially if you plan to carry it in your vehicle. A compact and lightweight design allows for easy storage in your glove compartment or trunk, making it accessible when needed.
- Additional Features: Many jump starters come with extra features such as USB ports for charging devices, built-in flashlights, or air compressors. These added functionalities can enhance the product’s value and make it more versatile for various emergency situations.
- Safety Features: Look for jump starters with built-in safety features like reverse polarity protection, short circuit protection, and over-charge protection. These features help prevent accidents and damage to both the jump starter and the vehicle, ensuring safe operation.
- Durability and Build Quality: A robust design with quality materials ensures that the jump starter can withstand the rigors of being stored in a vehicle. A durable unit is less likely to fail in critical situations due to wear and tear, making it a reliable tool in emergencies.
- Brand Reputation and Reviews: Consider products from reputable brands and check customer reviews for insights into performance and reliability. A well-reviewed jump starter is often a better choice, as it indicates satisfaction from other users and a proven track record.
How Important Is Battery Capacity for Performance?
Battery capacity is crucial for the performance of portable battery jump starters, as it directly influences their ability to deliver sufficient power for starting vehicles.
- Cold Cranking Amps (CCA): This rating refers to the number of amps a battery can deliver at 0°F for 30 seconds while maintaining at least 7.2 volts. A higher CCA indicates better performance in cold weather, making it essential for those living in colder climates or for jump-starting vehicles with larger engines.
- Battery Capacity (mAh): Measured in milliamp hours (mAh), this indicates how much energy the battery can store. A higher mAh capacity means the jump starter can start more vehicles or hold its charge longer, ensuring reliability when needed.
- Recharge Time: The time it takes to recharge a portable jump starter can be critical, especially in emergency situations. Models with faster recharge times can be more convenient, allowing users to quickly prepare for future jump-starts without lengthy waiting periods.
- Number of Jump Starts: This refers to how many times a jump starter can successfully start a vehicle on a single charge. A higher number signifies greater capacity and reliability, especially for users who may need to jump multiple vehicles or use the device frequently.
- Size and Portability: While not a direct measure of battery capacity, the size and weight of the jump starter can affect its usability. A compact and lightweight design is easier to store and transport, making it more likely that users will have it on hand when needed.
What Impact Do Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) Have on Starting Power?
Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) are crucial for determining the starting power of a portable battery jump starter, particularly in cold weather conditions.
- Definition of CCA: Cold Cranking Amps refers to the maximum amperage a battery can deliver at 0°F (-18°C) for 30 seconds while maintaining a voltage of at least 7.2 volts.
- Importance in Cold Weather: Higher CCA ratings are essential in colder climates because engines require more power to start in low temperatures, where oil becomes thicker and components are less lubricated.
- Comparison with Other Ratings: CCA is often compared to Cranking Amps (CA), which measures starting power at 32°F (0°C); thus, CCA is a more stringent test reflecting real cold weather performance.
- Choosing the Right CCA: When selecting a portable jump starter, it is important to match or exceed the CCA requirements of your vehicle to ensure reliable starting power, especially for larger engines or vehicles with higher demands.
- Impact on Jump Starter Size: Higher CCA ratings can increase the size and weight of a jump starter, as more powerful batteries generally require more robust construction and materials to handle increased output.
Understanding CCA helps consumers make informed decisions about the best portable battery jump starters, especially for those living in regions with harsh winters or driving vehicles that demand higher starting power.
What Are the Best Portable Battery Jump Starters Currently Available?
The best portable battery jump starters currently available combine power, portability, and additional features for convenience.
- NOCO Boost Plus GB40: This jump starter is compact yet powerful, delivering 1,000 amps of peak current to jump-start 6-liter gas or 3-liter diesel engines.
- DBPOWER 800A: With an 800-amp peak current, this model is capable of starting most vehicles and includes a built-in LED flashlight and USB ports for charging devices.
- TACKLIFE T6: This jump starter offers 800 amps of peak current and features a durable design with multiple safety protections, making it suitable for various vehicles and emergencies.
- Lithium Jump Starter by Beatit: This lightweight jump starter packs 1,000 amps of peak current and can jump-start vehicles with engines up to 7.2 liters, all while being easy to store and transport.
The NOCO Boost Plus GB40 stands out for its safety features, including spark-proof technology and reverse polarity protection, which ensure a user-friendly experience even for novices.
DBPOWER 800A is appreciated for its multifunctionality, including a bright LED flashlight with multiple modes and the ability to charge smartphones and other devices, making it a practical tool for any road trip.
The TACKLIFE T6 is designed with a rugged exterior to withstand harsh conditions, and its intelligent protection system prevents overcharging and short-circuiting, ensuring safe operation.
Lightweight and portable, the Lithium Jump Starter by Beatit is perfect for those who want a compact solution without sacrificing power or performance, making it ideal for anyone needing a jump-start on-the-go.
Finally, the Ansmann Jump Starter not only serves as a reliable jump starter but also functions as a power bank, which is advantageous for outdoor enthusiasts or those who frequently travel.
Which Brands Are Most Trusted for Quality and Reliability?
The most trusted brands for portable battery jump starters known for quality and reliability include:
- NOCO: NOCO is renowned for its high-performance jump starters, particularly the NOCO Boost series, which features advanced safety technology and powerful lithium-ion batteries. Their products are designed to handle various vehicle types and come with built-in USB ports for charging devices, making them versatile for emergency situations.
- DBPOWER: DBPOWER jump starters are well-regarded for their affordability and reliable performance. They typically include features such as LED flashlights and multiple USB outputs, making them practical for both jump-starting and everyday use, ensuring that users feel secure during emergencies.
- TACKLIFE: TACKLIFE offers a range of jump starters that are praised for their robust construction and ease of use. Many models come with multiple safety features, such as reverse polarity protection, making them user-friendly for individuals without technical know-how.
- Stanley: Stanley is a trusted name in portable power solutions, with their jump starters often featuring integrated air compressors and multiple power outlets. Their products are designed for durability and reliability, making them a go-to option for both casual users and automotive professionals.
- Beatit: Beatit jump starters are known for their compact design and high power output, allowing users to start larger vehicles like trucks and SUVs. They often come equipped with smart safety technology and multiple charging ports, making them multifunctional for various needs.
How Do You Properly Use a Portable Battery Jump Starter?
To properly use a portable battery jump starter, follow these essential steps:
- Choosing the Right Jump Starter: Select a portable battery jump starter that has sufficient power for your vehicle’s engine size, typically measured in peak amps. Look for features such as safety protections and additional functionalities like USB ports for charging devices.
- Preparing for Jump Start: Ensure both the jump starter and the vehicle are turned off before connecting the cables. Check the battery terminals for corrosion and ensure a secure connection to avoid any sparks or short circuits during the process.
- Connecting Cables: Attach the red (positive) clamp to the positive terminal of the vehicle battery first, then connect the other end to the positive terminal on the jump starter. Next, connect the black (negative) clamp to the negative terminal on the jump starter, and finally attach the other end to a grounded metal surface on the vehicle.
- Starting the Vehicle: After all connections are secure, attempt to start the vehicle. If the vehicle does not start immediately, wait a few minutes before trying again to allow the jump starter to provide enough power.
- Disconnecting the Cables: Once the vehicle starts, carefully remove the cables in the reverse order of connection: black clamp from the vehicle, black clamp from the jump starter, red clamp from the jump starter, and finally, red clamp from the vehicle. This minimizes the risk of sparks and ensures safety.
- Charging the Jump Starter: After use, ensure to recharge the jump starter according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This is vital for maintaining the battery’s health and ensuring it’s ready for future use.
What Safety Precautions Should You Follow When Using a Jump Starter?
When using a jump starter, it is essential to follow specific safety precautions to ensure effective and safe operation.
- Read the Manual: Always start by thoroughly reading the user manual that comes with the jump starter. This document provides crucial information regarding the specific model’s features, safety instructions, and proper usage procedures to avoid accidents.
- Check the Battery Condition: Before using the jump starter, inspect the battery for any visible damage or corrosion. Ensure that the terminals are clean, as damaged batteries can pose safety hazards such as leaks or explosions during use.
- Wear Safety Gear: It is advisable to wear safety goggles and gloves when using a jump starter. Protective gear helps shield you from potential sparks or acid splashes, particularly if the battery is faulty or improperly connected.
- Connect the Cables Correctly: Always connect the red (positive) cable first to the positive terminal of the dead battery and the other end to the live battery. Then connect the black (negative) cable to the negative terminal of the live battery and attach the other end to a grounded metal surface on the vehicle with the dead battery to prevent sparking.
- Avoid Flammable Materials: Ensure that the area around you is free of flammable materials or liquids when using a jump starter. Sparks generated during the connection process can ignite nearby combustibles, leading to dangerous fires.
- Do Not Overcharge: Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding charging the jump starter. Overcharging can lead to battery damage, overheating, or even failure, which poses safety risks.
- Use in Ventilated Areas: Always operate your jump starter in a well-ventilated space. This precaution helps dissipate any gases that may be emitted during the jump-starting process, reducing the risk of inhalation and potential health hazards.
- Disconnect Properly: After jump-starting the vehicle, disconnect the cables in the reverse order of connection. This minimizes the risk of a short circuit and ensures that the jump starter is not left connected longer than necessary, which could lead to damage.